雅思閱讀同義詞替換是“送分題”還是“送命題”？

雅思學(xué)術(shù)類閱讀一個小時3篇文章，文本長度在2800-3500字之間。雖然中國雅思考生總體閱讀平均成績已經(jīng)攀升到6.15分，引領(lǐng)4項分?jǐn)?shù)。然而如果想突破7分，一個必須攻克的障礙就是如何在壓力閱讀之下迅速抓住句子的最重要傳輸?shù)膬?nèi)容。

首先大家來“對號入座”，看看你閱讀中有沒有下列的問題：

雅思閱讀長難句歸類

一、加復(fù)雜修飾的簡單句例：

At various points in evolutionary history, enterprising individuals within many different animal groups moved out onto the land, sometimes even to the most parched(炎熱的，干旱的) deserts, taking their own private seawater with them in blood and cellular(細(xì)胞的) fluids. (劍9 Test 1 Passage 3)

二、并列句

如果句子包含兩個或更多互不依從的主謂結(jié)構(gòu)，就是并列句。并列句中的分句通常用一個并列連詞來連接，最常見的并列連詞有and, or 和but。

例：An alien civilisation could choose many different ways of sending information across the galaxy(星系), but many of these either require too much energy, or else are severely attenuated (衰減的)while traversing the vast distances across the galaxy.(劍9 Test 1 Passage 2)

三、各種從句

從句不能單獨成句，但它也有主語部分和謂語部分，就像一個句子一樣。從句可以分為：主語從句、表語從句、賓語從句、同位語從句、定語從句和狀語從句6類。

前四類從句在句子的功用相當(dāng)于名詞，所以通稱名詞性從句;定語從句功能相當(dāng)于形容詞，稱為形容詞性從句;而狀語從句功能相當(dāng)于副詞，稱為副詞性從句。

例：Second, we make a very conservative assumption that we are looking for a life form that is pretty well like us, since if it differs radically from us we may well not recognise it as a life form, quite apart from whether we are able to communicate with it. (劍9 Test 1 Passage 2)

四、插入語結(jié)構(gòu)

插入語一般是對句子的某個成分的解釋或補充說明，前后有逗號與其他句子成分分開，比較容易識別。

例：The International Institute of Noise Control Engineering (l-INCE), on the advice of the World Health Organization, has established an international working party, which includes New Zealand, to evaluate noise and reverberation(混響，反射) control for school rooms. (劍9 Test 2 Passage 1)

五、后置定語修飾成分多

例：A few years ago, in one of the most fascinating and disturbing experiments in behavioural psychology, Stanley Milgram of Yale University tested 40 subjects from all walks of life for their willingness to obey instructions given by a “leader” in a situation in which the subjects might feel a personal distaste for the actions they were called upon to perform. (5A0102)

六、倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)及其他

在英語當(dāng)中，主語和謂語有兩種順序：一種和漢語一致，即主語在前;另外一種順序是謂語在主語前面，即倒裝。

閱讀中一般會出現(xiàn)以not only等否定連詞和never, seldom rarely, hardly等否定副詞引導(dǎo)的倒裝句。理解倒裝句，就要把它轉(zhuǎn)換成普通語句，把倒裝語序還原為自然語序，在自然語序下理解句子。

例：In a dispute, not only do the interests of one party not coincide with those of the other party, but they are in conflict.

如何解決長難句呢？

要有意識地分析每個句子的主干結(jié)構(gòu)：比如“潔白可愛的小綿羊蹦蹦跳跳歡快活潑地在一望無垠的廣闊草原上幸福愉快地吃著鮮嫩碧綠的青草”。這個句子基本可以濃縮為：小綿羊在吃草。

層次化的思想

1. 用括號匹配的方法變成若干簡單句的集合；平時練習(xí)的時候有意識的把可以識別出來的修飾和從句用括號擴(kuò)起來；

2. 對于每一個簡單句來說，任何一個簡單句可以變成基本句型和非主干成分。前者可以直接轉(zhuǎn)換成為中文。

非主干成分

如果是定語，前置理解；

如果是同位語或插入語，刪除；

如果是狀語，隔離看主句。

雅思閱讀中，學(xué)會找到題干與文章中出現(xiàn)的同義替換關(guān)系是必不可少的技能，下面我們看看在雅思閱讀中常見的替換的幾種情況，比如近義詞轉(zhuǎn)換，語態(tài)變化，上下義轉(zhuǎn)換，連接詞替換等等。

1.近義詞轉(zhuǎn)換 :

（C10T1P2）原文：

Although modern information technologies can reduce the demand for physical transport by facilitating teleworking and teleservices, the requirement for transport continues to increase.

Q.22題目：

The needfor transport is growing, despite technological developments.

題目中的need 表示需求，如果題刷得足夠多的烤鴨會一下子反應(yīng)過來，need最常見的替換就是requirement, 兩個單詞經(jīng)常會被用來互相替換。

這一題說的是盡管技術(shù)發(fā)展了，人們對于交通運輸?shù)男枨笕匀辉谠鲩L。我們看到原文中的requirement也是在持續(xù)增長，正好能夠?qū)��?yīng)上，那么這道題的答案就應(yīng)當(dāng)是T。

2.詞性轉(zhuǎn)換 :

原文：

Beyond this, it is also of paramount importance to recognize and understand the conventions of discourse structure, both generally and within specific subject areas.

題目要求：

Complete the summary below by choosing a maximum of two words from the above paragraph to fill the spaces.

題目：

To extract meaning quickly are effectively, it is also important to recognize conventional ___________ and the importance of the topic sentence and discourse markers.

這個Summary題目中的空格前的conventional 和原文當(dāng)中的conventions既是一對典型的詞性轉(zhuǎn)換形式。

考生即使對于conventional這個詞不熟悉也可以根據(jù)詞性轉(zhuǎn)換的原則定位到原文相關(guān)的地方，對應(yīng)到相應(yīng)的答案the conventions of discourse structure。

根據(jù)題目要求，答案的詞數(shù)限定為兩個詞，因此答案為discourse structure。

3.語態(tài)轉(zhuǎn)換 :

填空題no more than two words ：

T: It is technically incorrect to talk about bat ‘radar’, since they do not use radio waves.

Q: Radar is an inaccurate term when referring to bats because ____ are not used in their navigation system.

are not used – not use，

所以容易判斷出答案為radio waves。

4.連接詞的同義轉(zhuǎn)換 :

（C7T7P2）原文出題句：

It could go a long way, he says, to shifting consumers as well as farmers towards a more sustainable system of agriculture.

填空題：

He feels this would help to change the attitudes of both _____ and _____.

聰明的同學(xué)一看到both ... and 的并列連接關(guān)系與文中的as well as 表示“也”的連接詞，就能夠輕松填出“consumers”和“farmers”這兩個正確答案。

這道作為考點的題簡單且清晰，讓考生能輕松獲分。

5.上下義詞轉(zhuǎn)換 :

上義詞是對事物的概括性、抽象性說明（共性）；下義詞是對事物的具體表現(xiàn)形式或更為具體的說明（個性）。

例如：

fruit(上義詞)-apple, oranges, strawberry（下義詞）

fruit是一個比較廣泛的概念，這里被稱作上義詞；

apple, oranges, strawberry是具體的品種，可以稱作下義詞。

(C10T1P1)原文：

During their heyday, they were places of gathering of leisure and relaxation and of worship for villagers of all but the lowest classes.

題目：

Stepwells had a range of functions, in addition to those related to water collection.

我們可看到題目中出現(xiàn)a range of functions,一系列的功能，是一個比較概括的詞組，可以算作原文中g(shù)athering of leisure, relaxation and of worship的上義詞，也就是說水井的一系列功能包括供人們休閑，放松和祭祀。

提高雅思閱讀，有效識別雅思閱讀中的替換，除了背誦同義詞替換詞匯，還要了解考官出題的手段。

從本質(zhì)上去了解考官會怎么出題，這樣才能保證短時間真正學(xué)習(xí)。

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